Folding

• existing rocks are bent, tilted, folded, or fractures by pressure
  • not igneous processes
    
    
• sedimentary rocks - once laid horizontally now tilted or folded
  • California Coast Range and Transverse Range (So. Calif.)

• compressional forces over time deform rock
  • wrinkle Earth's crust
    • tablecloth example
      • Appalacian Mountains / Coast Range
        

• simple folds - wavy like, with symmetrical folds
  • syncline or synclinal trough or valley
  • anticline or anticlinal ridge (like an ant hill)
    • often exposed by erosion
    • Waterpocket fold, Utah and other folds

• Tensional stress or lateral forces often associated with faulting
  • rigid rocks rupture instead of fold
• vertical displacement
  • earthquakes - ground shaking
  • also: landslides, liquefaction, and even tsunamis

Normal fault - tensional stresses one block slides down Strike-slip fault - lateral movement one block slides past another block San Andreas fault