Dfa (Humid Continental) - all but needle-leaf trees defoliate, warm summers

Dfb (Humid Continental) - all but needle-leaf trees defoliate, cool summers

Dfc (Subartic) - associated with the boreal or taiga forests of single stands of trees such as the firs or spruce tree

ET (Tundra) - no trees, rolling grasslands covered with snow throughout most of the year; at least 1 month of above freezing temperatures.

EF (Icecaps) - constant ice and snow; temperatures never exceed freezing.

H (Highlands) - unique climates based on their elevation